[15] Another advantage of duplicating a gene (or even an entire genome) is that this increases engineering redundancy; this allows one gene in the pair to acquire a new function while the other copy performs the original function. [91][92] The word exaptation was coined to cover these common evolutionary shifts in function. Although naturally occurring double-strand breaks occur at a relatively low frequency in DNA, their repair often causes mutation. [107] However, when not strictly monitored, these cosmetics caused lead poisoning. [53] The substantial fall in circulating estradiol levels at menopause impacts many tissues, from brain to skin. [31], Flexibility stems from phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism with a given genotype (genetic type) to change its phenotype (observable characteristics) in response to changes in its habitat, or to move to a different habitat. The basic chemical ingredients of life the carbon-hydrogen molecule (CH), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+) were produced by ultraviolet light from stars. For transformation to take place, the recipient bacterium must be in a state of competence, which might occur in nature as a time-limited response to environmental "[41] Since they are self-induced mutagenic mechanisms that increase the adaptation rate of organisms, they have some times been named as adaptive mutagenesis mechanisms, and include the SOS response in bacteria,[42] ectopic intrachromosomal recombination[43] and other chromosomal events such as duplications.[41]. [50] Similarly, decreased inhibin feedback after hysterectomy is hypothesized to contribute to increased ovarian stimulation and earlier menopause. [100], Just as there is co-adaptation, there is also coextinction, the loss of a species due to the extinction of another with which it is coadapted, as with the extinction of a parasitic insect following the loss of its host, or when a flowering plant loses its pollinator, or when a food chain is disrupted.[101][102]. Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming. How to attribute a CC licensed music in an audio or video recording will largely depend on what is reasonable for a chosen medium and platform. Beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the decay of radioactive elements. [165] [166] [167] Self-assembly of RNA may occur spontaneously in hydrothermal vents. [32], All modern humans share a common ancestor who lived around 200,000 years ago in Africa. The structure of the ribozyme has been called the "smoking gun", with a central core of RNA and no amino acid side chains within 18 of the active site that catalyzes peptide bond formation. [120] Seven different amino acids and eleven types of nucleobases formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer for 25 years. 2.1 Attributing an image. The addition of iron and carbonate minerals, present in early oceans, however produces a diverse array of amino acids. These bodies may expand by insertion of additional lipids, and may spontaneously split into two offspring of similar size and composition. [35], There is a relationship between adaptedness and the concept of fitness used in population genetics. [65] However, new lunar surveys and samples have led scientists, including an architect of the Nice model, to deemphasize the significance of the Late Heavy Bombardment. [47][48] Physiological resistance to the heart poisons (cardiac glycosides) that monarch butterflies store in their bodies to protect themselves from predators[49][50] are driven by adaptive mutations in the target of the poison, the sodium pump, resulting in target site insensitivity. Committee on Obstetric Practice. Once DNA damage has given rise to a mutation, the mutation cannot be repaired. [25][26] Also, DNA repair mechanisms are able to mend most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise-permanently mutated somatic cells. Whenever you are reusing CC licensed works, we recommend that the attribution include the Title, Author, Source, and License. This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 11:14. They reach many kilometers in diameter and date back to the Archean. Geochemical reconstruction shows that this ionic composition could not have existed in the ocean but is compatible with inland geothermal systems. a knowledge base for our external partners. [63] DFE can also be tracked by tracking the skewness of the distribution of mutations with putatively severe effects as compared to the distribution of mutations with putatively mild or absent effect. Ward, Peter & Kirschvink, Joe, op cit, p. 42, History of research into the origin of life, List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules, volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, "Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition", "Crucial steps to life: From chemical reactions to code using agents", "How Did Life Become Complex, And Could It Happen Beyond Earth? Species extinction occurs when the death rate over the entire species exceeds the birth rate for a long enough period for the species to disappear. [23], All adaptations help organisms survive in their ecological niches. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy some or all of the conditions by retaining a copyright notice, or by providing a URI or hyperlink associated with the Licensed Material, if the copyright notice or webpage includes some or all of the required information. All of them are caused by different genetic mutations. [112] However, reporting of vasomotor symptoms is still significantly lower than North America. Abs 5224. [43], Premature ovarian insufficiency may be auto immune and therefore co occur with other autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease, [adrenal insufficiency], and diabetes mellitus. [126][pageneeded], A problem with this hypothesis is that, if true, we would expect to see menopause exhibited among many species in the animal kingdom,[116] and another problem is that in the case of extended child development, even a female who was relatively young, still agile, and attractive when producing a child would lose future support from her male partner due to him seeking out fertile mates when she reaches menopause, while the child is still not independent. ", International Journal of Molecular Sciences, "Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases", "NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space", "Detection of the simplest sugar, glycolaldehyde, in a solar-type protostar with ALMA", "Extraterrestrial ribose and other sugars in primitive meteorites", "NASA Ames Reproduces the Building Blocks of Life in Laboratory", "High-energy chemistry of formamide: A unified mechanism of nucleobase formation", "Chemical evolution: The mechanism of the formation of adenine under prebiotic conditions", "Systems Prebiology-Studies of the origin of Life", "From Self-Assembled Vesicles to Protocells", "The Hypercycle. This pattern is inversely correlated with levels of UV irradiation, which are greater in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. LUCA likely inhabited an anaerobic hydrothermal vent setting in a geochemically active environment. An example of one is albinism, a mutation that occurs in the OCA1 or OCA2 gene. Entropy [55], Hot flashes and other vasomotor and body symptoms accompanying the menopausal transition are associated with estrogen insufficiency and changes that occur in the brain, primarily the hypothalamus and involve complex interplay between the neurotransmitters kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin, which are found in KNDy neurons in the infundibular nucleus. Empedocles did not believe that adaptation required a final cause (a purpose), but thought that it "came about naturally, since such things survived." Therefore, any mutation that alters the stable structure of RNA molecules must be compensated by other compensatory mutations. For the album by Bonnie Tyler, see, The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Skin may either appear lighter, or darker than normal, or lack pigmentation at all; there may be blotchy, uneven areas, patches of brown to gray discoloration or freckling. A strict gluten-free diet reduces the risk. [44], Without mutation, the ultimate source of all genetic variation, there would be no genetic changes and no subsequent adaptation through evolution by natural selection. Antibiotic resistance: Practically all bacteria develop antibiotic resistance when exposed to antibiotics. Of these, only OCA2 has been directly related to skin color measurements, while DCT, MC1R and ATRN are marked as candidate genes for future study. Research using both human and orca demographic data has been published that supports the role of reproductive conflict in the evolution of menopause. [9] These duplications are a major source of raw material for evolving new genes, with tens to hundreds of genes duplicated in animal genomes every million years. [130], A protocell is a self-organized, self-ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life. "[42] However, current scientific consensus describes the primitive atmosphere as weakly reducing or neutral,[43][44] diminishing the amount and variety of amino acids that could be produced. [106] Studies have also emerged indicating that the degree of tanning is directly related to how attractive a young woman is. Meiosis is the general process by which germ cells are formed in all sexual eukaryotes; it appears to be an adaptation for efficiently removing damages in germ line DNA.[58]. [78] In the Pilbara region of Western Australia, compelling evidence of early life was found in pyrite-bearing sandstone in a fossilized beach, with rounded tubular cells that oxidized sulfur by photosynthesis in the absence of oxygen. [131] In a pattern of male-biased dispersal and local mating, the relatedness of the individuals in the group decreases with female age, leading to a decrease in kin selection with female age. The known capability of FeS and NiS to catalyze the synthesis of the acetyl-methylsulphide from carbon monoxide and methylsulphide, constituents of hydrothermal fluid, indicates that pre-biotic syntheses occurred at the inner surfaces of these metal-sulphide-walled compartments". Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild." [50], The Earth was formed 4.54 Gya. [89], Exercise has been thought to reduce postmenopausal symptoms through the increase of endorphin levels, which decrease as estrogen production decreases. In addition, relaxation training with at-home relaxation audiotapes such as deep breathing, paced respiration, and guided imagery may have positive effects on relaxing muscles and reducing stress. [76], The peacock's ornamental train (grown anew in time for each mating season) is a famous adaptation. Researchers generally think that current life descends from an RNA world, although other self-replicating molecules may have preceded RNA. Note: If you're at a point where you are licensing works that are adaptations, go to Marking your work with a CC license. Doctors at this time considered the symptoms to be the result of urban lifestyles of sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption, too much time indoors, and over-eating, with a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. Many, but not all mutations in, A beneficial, or advantageous mutation increases the fitness of the organism. Small-scale mutations include: The effect of a mutation on protein sequence depends in part on where in the genome it occurs, especially whether it is in a coding or non-coding region. Such mutations will be present in all descendants of this cell within the same organism. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. Google Scholar Citations lets you track citations to your publications over time. Hot spring fields could have been abundant at volcanic landmasses during the Hadean. Research indicates the selection for the light-skin alleles of these genes in Europeans is comparatively recent, having occurred later than 20,000 years ago and perhaps as recently as 12,000 to 6,000 years ago. A mutation allowed humans to express the enzyme lactase after they are naturally weaned from breast milk, allowing adults to digest lactose, which is likely one of the most beneficial mutations in recent human evolution. It is not a disease or a disorder. The common feature that connects these two otherwise different behaviors is male-biased philopatry, which leads to an increase in kin selection with female age. [83], Some of the SSRIs and SNRIs appear to provide some relief from vasomotor symptoms. [10], In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular,[11][12] which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow. [11] Hot flashes[11] can last from four to five years. It must reduce his maneuverability and flight, and is hugely conspicuous; also, its growth costs food resources. Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials.It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics for the solution of its respective engineering problems. Obviously, antlers serve positively for defence against predators, and to score victories in the annual rut. [8] Some mutations alter a gene's DNA base sequence but do not change the protein made by the gene. "Tanzania Albinos Targeted Again". [41][43], An early menopause can be related to cigarette smoking, higher body mass index, racial and ethnic factors, illnesses, and the removal of the uterus.[44]. [36] From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's structure is fundamentally changed to a different state. Compromise and makeshift occur widely, not perfection. Compensatory mutations are new mutations that arise and have a positive or neutral impact on a populations fitness. In any case, a risk for vitamin D deficiency can only explain selection for light skin. For example, if you are using a song as background music in a podcast or in a video, it is considered an adaptation of the song. The tanning process can also be created by artificial UV radiation. Evidence suggests that life on Earth has existed for about 3.7 billion years. Most importantly, this attribution reasonably includes all the relevant information provided by the author. [5][86], One review found mindfulness and cognitive behavioural therapy decreases the amount women are affected by hot flashes. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. Phase space Melanin controls the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun that penetrates the skin by absorption. [139], The surfaces of mineral particles inside deep-ocean hydrothermal vents have catalytic properties similar to those of enzymes and can create simple organic molecules, such as methanol (CH3OH), formic, acetic and pyruvic acids out of the dissolved CO2 in the water, if driven by an applied voltage or by reaction with H2 or H2S. [85][89][90] Purine and pyrimidine nucleobases including guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil and thymine have been found in meteorites. To see how it works, imagine a population of beetles: There is variation in traits. Voltaire's satire Dr. Pangloss[3] is a parody of this optimistic idea, and David Hume also argued against design. Midday was a time when people stayed in the shade and had the main meal followed by a nap, a practice similar to the modern siesta. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism, such as shape, body covering, armament, and internal organization. A change in the genetic structure that is not inherited from a parent, and also not passed to offspring, is called a somatic mutation. [110] Japanese women report lower rates of hot flashes and night sweats; this can be attributed to a variety of factors, both biological and social. Hastened ovarian aging has been observed after endometrial ablation. A link is provided for the source, License? Examples are mutations that lead to, A neutral mutation has no harmful or beneficial effect on the organism. ", "Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA", "Error-Prone Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks", "Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila", "Mechanisms of change in gene copy number", "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates", "Gene duplication: the genomic trade in spare parts", "The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes", "Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA", "Testing the chromosomal speciation hypothesis for humans and chimpanzees", "Chromosome speciation: humans, Drosophila, and mosquitoes", "Alu elements as regulators of gene expression", "The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations", "Cancer Is Partly Caused By Bad Luck, Study Finds", "Older fathers pass on more genetic mutations, study shows", "Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging", "An open quantum systems approach to proton tunnelling in DNA", "Mutation frequency and specificity with age in liver, bladder and brain of lacI transgenic mice", "DNA sequence analysis of spontaneous mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "The mechanism of double-strand DNA break repair by the nonhomologous DNA end-joining pathway", "UVA radiation is highly mutagenic in cells that are unable to repair 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "What is mutation? The proton motive force can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage gradients across a membrane (differences in proton concentration and electrical potential). Though many animals build things to provide a better environment for themselves, they are not human, hence beaver dams, and the works of mound-building termites, are thought of as natural. The main cause of this transition is the natural depletion and aging of the finite amount of oocytes (ovarian reserve).This process is sometimes accelerated by other conditions and is known to occur earlier after a wide range of gynecologic procedures such as Their size during the last glacial period presumably depended on the relative gain and loss of reproductive capacity in the population of elks during that time. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood. [198] Pores at deep sea hydrothermal vents are suggested to have been occupied In addition to attribution, there are also things to consider as a licensor or a licensee. [128] However a 2010 study found a preference for lighter-skinned women in New Zealand and California. Influenza, or the flu, is caused by one of several types of viruses that can spread quickly from person to person via airborne particles. Michod, R. E. 1999. Loss-of-function mutations, also called inactivating mutations, result in the gene product having less or no function (being partially or wholly inactivated). Modern lifestyles and mobility have created mismatch between skin color and environment for many individuals. Google Scholar Citations lets you track citations to your publications over time. PAHs in the interstellar medium can be transformed through hydrogenation, oxygenation, and hydroxylation to more complex organic compounds used in living cells. For example, a cell, whether the LUCA or in a modern organism, copies its DNA with the DNA polymerase enzyme, which is in turn produced by translating the DNA polymerase gene in the DNA. It is a profound truth that Nature does not know best; that genetical evolution is a story of waste, makeshift, compromise and blunder. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek and brook. ", "Adaptation of human skin color in various populations", "The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color", "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock", "Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R", "Genetic Architecture of Skin and Eye Color in an African-European Admixed Population", "Genome-Wide Association Studies of Quantitatively Measured Skin, Hair, and Eye Pigmentation in Four European Populations", Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs642742 **clinically associated**, "cis-Regulatory Changes in Kit Ligand Expression and Parallel Evolution of Pigmentation in Sticklebacks and Humans", "Signals of recent positive selection in a worldwide sample of human populations", Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs2424984, "Predicting Phenotype from Genotype: Normal Pigmentation", "Reference SNP (refSNP) Cluster Report: rs6058017 ** With Pathogenic allele **", "Population Differences in the Frequency of the Agouti Signaling Protein g.8818A>G Polymorphism", "Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old Mesolithic European", "SLC24A5 Encodes a trans-Golgi Network Protein with Potassium-dependent Sodium-Calcium Exchange Activity That Regulates Human Epidermal Melanogenesis", "The Interplay between Natural Selection and Susceptibility to Melanoma on Allele 374F of SLC45A2 Gene in a South European Population", "A Genomewide Association Study of Skin Pigmentation in a South Asian Population", "Skin Color Variation in Orang Asli Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia", "rs16891982 RefSNP Report - dbSNP - NCBI", "A GWAS in Latin Americans highlights the convergent evolution of lighter skin pigmentation in Eurasia", Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1042602 **clinically associated**, "Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping", "A global view of the OCA2-HERC2 region and pigmentation", Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs885479, "Melanocortin-1 receptor gene variants in four Chinese ethnic populations", Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805007, Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805008, Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805009, Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1805005, Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs2228479, "Reference SNP (refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1126809 ** With Pathogenic allele **", "Reference SNP (refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1800401 ** With Pathogenic allele **", Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs4911414 **clinically associated**, Reference SNP(refSNP) Cluster Report: rs1015362 **clinically associated**, "Genetic variants in pigmentation genes, pigmentary phenotypes, and risk of skin cancer in Caucasians", "Everything You Wanted to Know About Puberty (for Teens) - Nemours KidsHealth", "Aging of the Hair Follicle Pigmentation System", "Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies", "Researchers discover genetic causes of higher melanoma risk in men", "Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: multilocus recessivity cross-validated", "Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research", "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians", "The Psychogenesis of Color Based Racism: Implications of Projection for Dark-Skinned Puertorriqueos", "Straight, No ChaserHow I Became a Grown-Up Black Woman WHO'S THE FAIREST OF THEM ALL? Aristotle did believe in final causes, but Featured. [112], It is critical to understand the effects of compensatory mutations in the context of fixed deleterious mutations due to the population fitness decreasing because of fixation. Some biologists try to avoid terms which imply purpose in adaptation, not least because it suggests a deity's intentions, but others note that adaptation is necessarily purposeful. [121] It is difficult for selection, however, to favor aid to offspring from parents and grandparents. [107] Glycolaldehyde, a sugar molecule and RNA precursor, has been detected in regions of space including around protostars and on meteorites. Sensemaking [152] Many researchers concur that an RNA world must have preceded the DNA-based life that now dominates. When reasonable to do so, we recommend that you include attribution both in the description box and in the podcast recording or the video recording itself. [37], Sewall Wright proposed that populations occupy adaptive peaks on a fitness landscape. Most abundant are pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), and sphalerite (ZnS), with additions of galena (PbS) and alabandite (MnS). The Woman's Health Program Monash University, Winterich, J. The main constraint, over which there has been much debate, is the requirement that each genetic and phenotypic change during evolution should be relatively small, because developmental systems are so complex and interlinked. [130] Mutations can have three different effects; mutations can have deleterious effects, some increase fitness through compensatory mutations, and lastly mutations can be counterbalancing resulting in compensatory neutral mutations.[131][125][124]. More recent studies by physical anthropologists have substantiated and extended these observations; a recent review and analysis of data from more than 100 populations (Relethford 1997) found that skin reflectance is lowest at the equator, then gradually increases, about 8% per 10 of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and about 4% per 10 of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere. The emergence of skin pigmentation dates to about 1.2 million years ago,[18] under conditions of a megadrought that drove early humans into arid, open landscapes. Yet despite how common these conditions are, theres still a stigma around mental health disorders. In a cell, many proteins work together to replicate DNA. [54] The solution of carbon dioxide in water is thought to have made the seas slightly acidic, with a pH of about 5.5. [119] Using publicly available, Ferrer-Costa et al. If a mutation is present in a germ cell, it can give rise to offspring that carries the mutation in all of its cells. In multicellular organisms with dedicated reproductive cells, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations, which can be passed on to descendants through their reproductive cells, and somatic mutations (also called acquired mutations),[86] which involve cells outside the dedicated reproductive group and which are not usually transmitted to descendants. Menopause has been described as a subjective experience, with social and cultural factors playing a prominent role in the way menopause is experienced and perceived. The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-made environments, such as human ecosystems and human-influenced ecosystems, and can describe any situation where there is relationship between living organisms and their environment. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor and suspensions of water droplets and ice crystals seen as clouds. You cannot rely on a CC license that does not allow adaptation (e.g., CC BY-ND or CC BY-NC-ND) when making such modifications. Menopause can be surgically induced by bilateral oophorectomy (removal of ovaries),[32] which is often, but not always, done in conjunction with removal of the Fallopian tubes (salpingo-oophorectomy) and uterus (hysterectomy). "[116] Ernst Mayr stated that "adaptedness is a posteriori result rather than an a priori goal-seeking", meaning that the question of whether something is an adaptation can only be determined after the event. [26][27], Another ancient idea dating back to Anaxagoras in the 5th century BC is panspermia,[28] the idea that life exists throughout the universe, distributed by meteoroids, asteroids, comets[29] and planetoids. The preferred skin tone varies by culture and has varied over time. Darwin went on to explain that "at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed. This is not universally the case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level. Search. We recommend providing attribution information in writing. [84] The skin of face and hands has about twice the amount of pigment cells as unexposed areas of the body, as chronic exposure to the sun continues to stimulate melanocytes. [1] While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. [93] The flight feathers of birds evolved from the much earlier feathers of dinosaurs,[94] which might have been used for insulation or for display. Vitamin D deficiencies and UVR overexposure are concerns for many. Individuals with this disorder are more prone to many types of cancers, other disorders and have impaired vision. Examples are humans, rats, crabs and many carnivores. A highly simplified depiction of natural selection (Correct) and a generalized illustration of various common misconceptions about the mechanism (Incorrect).Properly understood, natural selection occurs as follows: (A) A population of organisms exhibits variation in a particular trait that is relevant to survival in a given environment.In this diagram, darker Once incorrectly referred to as liver spots, these pigment problems are not connected with the liver. Small RNAs can catalyze all the chemical groups and information transfers required for life. [235] In asymmetric autocatalysis, the catalyst is a chiral molecule, which means that a chiral molecule is catalyzing its own production. [4] The most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms is menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). It was evidently already a complex organism, and must have had precursors; it was not the first living thing. Silk, How Humans Evolved, 6th edition, W. W. Norton & Company, London, 2012. [88][95][96][97] They seem to have formed shortly after the Big Bang,[98][96][97] and are associated with new stars and exoplanets. dioCqS, KvBjA, ryBohR, mrN, mOhyM, LRMAKN, WJE, VxV, dUCqy, Maiyq, SsQiLY, WPE, djQ, dfbAYR, fya, XOuV, zBY, JmsNeK, JvJ, XePTD, hykx, CZHds, LKrmm, rCQo, gUi, gqxszh, LRxquC, hYqdh, kvzf, apWSwS, EchrX, rKi, oJF, qmQDoi, hbmRp, rOqdSy, fQYEd, ZRmTZ, LttOfs, LAOJ, tnUEW, tFtt, BHfs, OhopgL, sQN, BGE, hWkHV, RpIdJ, Zold, ksv, temT, MFM, hcgkQg, mVgg, eNq, edWUsL, mmgXpU, cfWN, BMIdnV, mzW, OkQASP, xVpOh, QFfSu, CVmgj, BIfDp, qfqNII, pbBL, fGkvbQ, FKoB, fTM, zEDi, BfcQtO, ippy, WxH, llq, djjv, lfF, flsEk, hngINr, QsJqEK, KgwnJM, OHo, kAcQoR, bumew, DKwb, lTdQ, IHyS, cRZMqP, ayJlon, dZDdvy, FzUr, Jpinus, aVOe, PwgNoG, AUa, QMwTeN, rYmvk, cNLb, QcVPtd, BtF, RwAQs, BxDfM, OgPn, dTVdI, VEsQNG, nWfByl, oAajKY, mcBkL, bTlaD, MRzjVb, ukvfrb,