Understanding the kinematics of dorsal and anal fins may elucidate how these fins are used in concert to maintain and change fish body position and yet little is known about the 17. Given a 20*20 matrix of areas, a regularly spaced array of 400 velocity vectors is obtained that provides a quantitative estimate of flow in the light sheet at that time. The three-dimensional angle of these two tail triangles with the XZ plane is plotted in the lower panel. Heterocercal tail kinematics in the sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Analysis proceeds by choosing pairs of video images (separated in time by 4 ms) that capture flow in the wake behind the tail. Video images of the tail in eels (Anguilla rostrata) during swimming also show that the caudal fin undergoes complex patterns of deformation and does not function as a flat plate (Lauder and Gillis, in preparation). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The tail surface was divided into six triangular elements and the orientations of these elements in three-dimensions was calculated. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In order to test the generality of the conclusions described above for heterocercal tails in taxa other than sharks, I examined the kinematics and fluid flow patterns around the tail of swimming sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. The heterocercal caudal fin is found in a diversity of fish clades and is believed to be primitive for sharks and ray-finned fishes (Figs. Definition of caudal fin. WebVentral/Pelvic fins: Ventral fish are a pair of fins that correspond to the hind limbs of quadrupeds. Modified from Wilson and Caldwell (1993), Carroll (1988), and Romer (1966). Pell, and S.A. Wainwright. Through integration of past and present work, this review creates a coherent picture of caudal fin evolution. 5. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a6ee664f170cf451b99629bc5314e04b" );document.getElementById("ebd2ec4c6f").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Gordon is an ecologist with two degrees from Exeter University. Webthe fish remain stationary to pick insects off plants. 3). Unlike many marine mammals with tails that use an up-and-down motion, fish generally use a side-to-side thrust of their caudal fin for propulsion. What happened to mr.meter when mrs.meters mother flew in for a visit? The fin is the "Caudal Fin" and the tail part of the body the What is the main function of caudal fins? The zebrafish caudal fin is a non-muscularised dermal fold which originates from the ventral side of the larval fin and is composed of 16-18 bony rays which can be bifurcated 2.Caudal fin rays are segmented and articulated between each other by inter-segmental joints, providing flexibility to the fin 5.Rays are made up of a pair of concave fin are all unpaired fins. Figure 8 shows six representative video frames, each illustrating a simultaneous lateral and posterior view of the tail. Adipose Fin Fish in the salmon and catfish families have an adipose fin between the dorsal and caudal fins. It also acts like a rudder to help a fish steer. A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. The ancestors of modern fish, both bony and cartilaginous, looked in terms of their fin structure much like modern dogfish and sharks. The interradialis and flexor muscles within the tail show no activity at this speed. Thus the tail lifts the back of the fish and the pectoral fins lift the front. Elasmobranchs (sharks) and ray-finned fishes also show considerable diversity in caudal fin morphology, and diversification in structures involved in locomotion has been a major theme in the evolution of these clades (Lauder, 1989). Most fish use fins when swimming, flying fish The diversity of caudal structure in fishes has been grouped into broad categories based primarily on the shape and relative sizes of the upper and lower tail lobes and the position of the vertebral column within the tail. Lauder and Jayne (1996) showed that angles of fin surfaces estimated from two-dimensional analyses can be in error by as much as 83 from the correct three-dimensional angle (and further details about 3D angle calculations can be found in that paper). WebWhat does a forked caudal fin mean? 562 COPEIA, 1980, NO. 4.22 B). 3): the vertebral column extends into the dorsal lobe while the ventral lobe is composed of fin rays. 13. Fig. BMC Biol. 1974. Function of the Caudal Fin During Locomotion in Fishes: Kinematics, Flow Visualization, and Evolutionary Patterns1 George V. Lauder2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Inappropriate injection positions will cause a low immunization rate and even death. The predecessors of legs, they give a fish lift, steering capability, braking and momentum. Letters A to F in the Y panel indicate the times corresponding to the similarly labeled video frames in Figure 8. Broad evolutionary patterns of caudal fin structure have now been relatively well documented in fishes, and the internal anatomy of the caudal fin is a common source of characters for phylogenetic analysis (Patterson, 1968, 1973; Schultze and Arratia, 1986, 1988; Arratia, 1991). Six markers were attached bilaterally to the tail (three each to the upper and lower lobes) to allow quantification of tail surface orientation in three-dimensions. The homocercal tail, in contrast, has been nearly universally held to generate a reaction force directed forward (near the center of mass) because of the vertical axis of bending and to move symmetrically with both dorsal and ventral lobes moving in synchrony (Fig. 2). Jayne, B.C., A. Lozada, and G.V. Without fins, a fish would just be a fancy worm. Fig. 12) shows that the dorsal lobe of the tail achieves a significantly acute angle to the horizontal while the ventral lobe is more vertically oriented but nonetheless still substantially acute. Such triangular patterns allow reconstruction of the surface orientation of fin regions through calculation of planar angles of intersection between triangular fin elements and the three reference planes (Lauder and Jayne, 1996). If a car travels 400m in 20 seconds how fast is it going? Present address of George V. Lauder is: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, E-mail: [emailprotected]. What countries have only 2 syllable in their name? and transmitted securely. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Alexander, G. Lutz, and H. Aldridge. Mean flow velocity has been subtracted from the U (horizontal) component of the velocity vectors to better reveal changes in flow due to the tail beat; arrow in upper left gives the velocity vector scale. Flathead catfish Caudal fin shapes. One camera is aimed at the lateral tail surface and provides data in the XY plane, while a second, synchronized, camera is aimed at a small mirror placed in the flow downstream from the swimming fish. While analyses of locomotion on land have traditionally used force plates to quantify the forces exerted by limbs during locomotion (Cavagna, 1975; Biewener and Full, 1992), a technique allowing similar measurements has not been available until recently for the aquatic realm. Commun Biol. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. The higher the bar, the greater the velocity and area of the tail in that dimension. 8. The HL is the only muscle in the tail with a fiber orientation at significant angle to the horizontal axis of the body. Variation in the tail, or caudal fin, is often a reflection of a fish's environment, and affects movement, predation, defense, and reproduction. An official website of the United States government. It is used to identify the fish species. Is it better to take a shower in the morning or at night? The surfaces denoted are: trailing fish caudal fin (B 0), trailing fish body (B 1), leading fish body (B 2), leading fish caudal fin (B 3), and the domain boundary (). The video image below shows a sample image obtained from a bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) swimming at 1.2 lengths/sec. The fins of cartilaginous fish also differ in their basic internal anatomy from those of bony fish. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. But the hypochordal longitudinalis (HL) muscle possesses a fiber axis at an appreciable angle to the horizontal (Fig. Fig. The Question containing Inaapropriate or Abusive Words, Question lacks the basic details making it difficult to answer, Topic Tagged to the Question are not relevant to Question, Question drives traffic to external sites for promotional or commercial purposes, The Answer containing Inaapropriate or Abusive Words, Answer drives traffic to external sites for promotional or commercial purposes. Images or drawings of the tail of other teleosts swimming by Bainbridge (1963) and Aleev (1969) suggest that the homocercal tail of a diversity of teleost fishes exhibits asymmetry during horizontal locomotion. The shape of the caudal The dorsal fin extends along the length of the back, the anal fin is located on the ventral side of the fish, and behind the anal opening, and the caudal fin is the tail.The dorsal fin may extend the entire length of the back, may be a fleshy ray, or quite large and supported by spines. A two-dimensional cross-correlation analysis of images separated in time by t (4 ms at a filming rate of 250 fps) provides an estimate of the fluid velocity in each area yielding a total of 25 velocity vectors at this time. The model proposed by Thomson (1976) for heterocercal tail function resulted in part from film images of shark tails taken in posterior view as sharks swam in large aquaria. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Currently, traditional visual algorithms have poor robustness and low accuracy due to the specificity of the placement of turbot fins in the application of automatic vaccination machines. Measurement of fluid motion in the wake of the tail of a swimming sturgeon (Liao and Lauder, 2000) reveals two counter-rotating centers of vorticity (in the XY plane) which reflect a section through a vortex ring shed by the beating tail. Would you like email updates of new search results? Calculation of three-dimensional planar angles confirms these changes in tail lobe orientation (Fig. Schematic illustration of the vortex wake behind a bluegill sunfish swimming steadily. Abbreviations: FDs, flexor dorsalis superior; FV, flexor ventralis; FVi, flexor ventralis inferior; HL, hypochordal longitudinalis; Icp, infracarinalis posterior; LS, lateralis superficialis (myotomal muscle); SCp, supracarinalis posterior. Superficial myotomal musculature and the interradialis muscles that interconnect fin rays have been removed. Fish pictures courtesy of S. M. McGinnis (1984, Freshwater Fishes of California. The Regents of the University of California.). 8600 Rockville Pike Vorticity was calculated using standard DPIV algorithms from the 20 20 matrix of velocity vectors. 11). What is the main function of caudal fins? 15. The dorsal lobe also makes an angle of 80 to the XZ plane indicating that mackerel tails function in a similar general manner to bluegill and may generate lift even during steady horizontal swimming. Their principal function is to help the fish swim. Are you sure you want to delete your answer? However, the Y vectors unexpectedly show an alternation between negative and positive values which suggest that the tail is generating little net vertical force. The main function of caudal find is to help the fish swim. SUMMARY. But given the near complete lack of three-dimensional kinematic data on the homocercal caudal fin of any teleost fish, bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were chosen for a detailed analysis of caudal fin function as a continuation of previous research on pectoral and dorsal fin kinematics in this centrarchid species (Gibb et al., 1994; Jayne et al., 1996; Lauder and Jayne, 1996). The sturgeon tail does not function according to the classical model of the heterocercal tail, and is hypothesized to generate reactive forces oriented near the center of mass of the body which is tilted at an angle to the flow during steady locomotion. What is the function of a squid's fin? Fins: At the tail (posterior) end of the squid students will notice the two fins on the mantle. The fins allow the squid to steer themselves , help stabilize their position and propel the squid at slow speeds. The evolution of the modern design, with a symmetrical tail and highly manoeuvrable body fins, was only possible after the evolution of the swim bladder. What is the use of tail for fish and pigeon? The surface of the dorsal lobe also achieves a significantly acute angle to the horizontal plane suggesting that the homocercal tail of bluegill generates lift during steady swimming. See answer (1) Best Answer. : the terminal fin of a fish or cetacean located behind the caudal peduncle : tail fin see fish illustration. A three-dimensional analysis would also alleviate the possibility of serious error when a two-dimensional analysis alone is used. What are annual and biennial types of plants? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 5 What does the caudal fin do to help a fish? Pough, F.H., J.B. Heiser, and W.N. You will probably have noticed that sharks and rays are either moving constantly, or resting on the bottom they do not hover in the water column. The caudal fin, or tail, of a fish is the only fin to be connected to the vertebral column. Such novelties in form and function tend to have far-reaching evolutionary consequences. The caudal fin is the tail fin. From the Symposium on The Function and Evolution of the Vertebrate Axis presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology, 610 January 1999, at Denver, Colorado. Who is the blond woman in Jon Secada's Just Another Day video? 13). The sturgeon tail behaves mechanically as an extremely flexible sheet with flexible dorsal and ventral lobes following the central tail region. 14). Findeis, and L. Grande. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Although little is known about the true purpose of the adipose fin, a recent hypothesis by T.E. Found everything I wanted and it solved all of my queries for which I was searching a lot.very helpful site. The XZ plane represents the horizontal or frontal plane, the XY plane the vertical or parasaggital plane, and the YZ plane the transverse section. Variation in the tail, or caudal fin, is Epub 2022 Apr 22. 2 What are the different types of caudal fins? Variation in the tail, or caudal fin, is often a reflection of a fish's environment, and affects movement, predation, defense, and reproduction. Generally, it is a vertically expanded structure which is located at the caudal end of the body. Each video frame is split into a lateral portion on the left and a posterior view on the right and resulted from the experimental arrangement illustrated in Figure 5. However, the Y component displays a different pattern than seen for sharks, oscillating about a horizontal orientation, whereas in the leopard shark Y movement vectors are consistently negative. The experimental data described above on the function of heterocercal and homocercal and caudal fins suggests that a reevaluation of the classical models of both caudal fin types is needed. Video frames (top, showing the posterior (YZ) view of tail motion) and electromyographic recordings (bottom) of intrinsic caudal muscles during steady swimming in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) at 1.2 lengths/sec. Biol. Marker 1 is most dorsal while marker 4 is most ventral; the locations of these four markers on the tail are depicted in the video image of Fig. Functional analysis of the homocercal tail of bluegill shows that the dorsal and ventral lobes do not function symmetrically as expected. The positions of four markers on the trailing edge of the tail are shown in the YZ plane for one-half tail beat. Shadwick, R., J. Steffensen, S. Katz, and T. Knower. Two attributes of fin function in fishes that have received the least attention are (1) a precise description of the motion of surface elements of the fin and (2) an analysis of the effect that fin motions have on the water. Such a space may represent the working section of a flow tank, or the aquarium within which an experiment is conducted. Oscillatory motion of the tail is hypothesized to produce a linked chain of vortex rings (depicted for simplicity as circular and enlarged relative to tail height) which are tilted to form an acute angle to the XZ plane so that the central fluid jet through the ring has a posteroventral inclination. The changing orientation of sturgeon tail triangles, the oscillatory pattern of the Y movement vector component, and the orientation of vortices shed behind the tail is not consistent with the classical hypothesis of heterocercal tail function for sturgeon. What does caudal fin mean? Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word caudal fin. The tailfin of a fish and other aquatic vertebrates. The vertical median fin terminating the tail of fishes. How to pronounce caudal fin? Lauder. The fins of modern fish come in an amazing array of shapes and forms, however many of them can be related to the seven basic patterns depicted below. It also acts like a rudder to help a fish steer. Note that as expected, positive thrust is developed throughout the tail beat as indicated by the consistently positive X values, and that the Z vector magnitudes alternate between left and right sides. The ventral lobe (segment 34) changes orientation but remains more vertical than the dorsal lobe. Note that the dorsal marker undergoes a much greater excursion than the ventral marker. This means that they help the fish turn left it right as well as back up. If the caudal peduncle is narrow and the caudal fin is forked, the fish is a fast swimmer. The caudal peduncle is where the tail is attached to the body. Z-dimension excursions (upper panel) of three points on the tail are shown for reference; the bottom three panels graph scaled movement vectors summed for all triangular elements on the tail in each of three-dimensions. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Left panel: three-dimensional representation of a triangle oriented in space so that the ventral surface is inclined at an acute angle to the XZ plane. Note that the tail expands dorsoventrally (markers 1 and 4 move in opposite Y directions) and that the timing of this movement differs in the dorsal and ventral tail lobes indicating that the dorsal and ventral regions of the homocercal tail do not function similarly. Fins are essential to fish. In addition, the minimum angle occurs just prior to midbeat when the tail passes the line of forward progression and velocity is highest. Measurement of projected YZ planar angles (Table 1; Fig. Caudal fins come in many shapes and sizes; form often follows function, Killer Whales Fin: Dimensions, Strength, Size, Uses, And Facts Animal Queries, [] fins. The tail increases in height during the tail beat, although this height increase is achieved by asymmetrical movements of the dorsal and ventral tail lobes. Thus a fish will naturally sink to the sea floor if nothing stops it. Fishes are the longest persisting living vertebrates and as such, display an incredible array of diversity. fin is attached to is called the "Caudal Peduncle". Anatomically, these muscles consist of dorsal and ventral flexor muscles (which often have deep and superficial components), the carinal muscles that connect the most dorsal and ventral skeletal elements of the tail to the dorsal and anal fins, and interradialis muscles (Fig. Previous literature has Westneat, M.W., W. Hoese, C.A. 2022 Aug 24;5(1):863. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03730-0. The assumption of horizontal reaction forces based on morphological symmetry is certainly incorrect, as the homocercal tail is generating lift forces even during horizontal locomotion. Upper row: diagram of fish tails to show different configurations in agnathans (AD). DEGs. Variation in the tail, or caudal fin, is often a reflection of a fish's environment, and affects movement, predation, defense, and reproduction. The relative movements of the dorsal and ventral markers did not change over the speed range of 1.2 to 2.2 lengths/sec. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies WebIn this article we will discuss about the function of venous system in fishes. 5. Generally, fish use it for forwarding propulsion and speed. 1A]), to the better known caudal morphologies in ostracoderms (Fig. WebEach fin on a fish is designed to perform a specific function: Adipose fin. The similarity of heterocercal shape between the tails of the leopard shark and sturgeon is not mirrored by similarity of function. Water in a flow tank is seeded with small (12 mean diameter) silver coated glass beads which reflect light from an argon-ion laser. One way in which such errors can arise is shown in Figure 4 which depicts a three-dimensional space defined by X, Y, and Z axes. The reactive force on the fish (FR) is thus oriented anterodorsally. By understanding the fluid motion induced by action of the caudal fin, the forces exerted on the fluid and the direction of those forces can be estimated. Both organizations make no representation on the accuracy of opinions expressed in this blog. Heterocercal tail kinematics in the sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Ferry and Lauder (1996) presented additional evidence in support of this model in the form of dye injection near the tail which showed that the leopard shark tail directs water in a posteroventral direction, consistent with the classical model. These experimental data also indicate that the function of homocercal tails is considerably more complex than previously appreciated. Lauder, G.V., C. Connon, and D. Dunn-Rankin. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or They also evolved pectoral fins, that work much the way the wings of a bird or an aeroplane do. Even with lightweight bones and other weight reducing characteristics, they still have a density of around 1.076. It is located on the upper surface of the body between the dorsal fin and the upper lobe of the caudal fin. An alternative model in which the shark tail produces a reactive force that acts through the center of mass is not supported. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Funke, R.M. Homocercal tail kinematics in a bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, swimming at 1.2 lengths/sec. The homocercal bluegill tail is thus moving in a manner indicating that lift forces may be generated and that the reactive force on the body is not horizontal in orientation. The base of the caudal fin is known as caudal peduncle with strong swimming muscles. Caudal fin is the tail fin located at the end of Caudal peduncleand is used for propulsion. In frame A, the whole tail is momentarily moving to the left as a unit, but for most of the tail beat, the dorsal and ventral tail lobes move in opposite directions, and the upper lobe trails behind the lower. Indeed, the caudal fin is a major component of mobility in fishes because it generates swimming power and contributes to maneuverability, thus improving control of swimming speed, agility, prey capture, and predator avoidance (Lauder, 2000;Flammang and Lauder, 2009). Additional analyses at later times generate an analysis of time-dependent flow patterns. Fish Body Parts List 1 Caudal fin 2 Anal fin 3 Pelvic fin 4 Pectoral fin 5 Gill 6 Gill cover 7 Mouth 8 Eye 9 Nostril 10 Dorsal fins What are the names of the parts of a fish? One of the most prominent characteristics of early vertebrate fossils is the elongate tail bearing fin rays (Fig. The caudal fin, or tail fin, is located at the end of a fish and provides the power to move a fish forward. It has long been recognized that the median fins of fishes (dorsal, caudal, and anal fins) play an important role in generating locomotor forces as fishes swim steadily, accelerate, and maneuver in the aquatic environment (Alexander, 1967; Gray, 1968; Gosline, 1971).But the orientations and magnitudes of these forces, the propulsion. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. DuBois, A.B., G.A. An Anal fin helps keep the fish upright and moving in a straight line. An adipose fin is a small fin without any strengthening rays, that is only found in a few groups of fish such as the Myctophidae, Osmeridae and Salmonidae as well as some catfish. Explore the diagram below to learn the names of fish parts and find out what each one does, or use it as a reference as needed. Spines, when held stiff, make small fish much harder to swallow. The particles are carried through the light sheet with water movement, and as the flow is disturbed by movement of the tail particles move with the flow and their reflections are captured on video. The caudal fin is the tail fin, located at the end of the caudal peduncle and is used for propulsion What is tale fin of a fish is called? Reddish color indicates fluid rotation in a counter-clockwise direction, while blue colors reflects clockwise fluid rotation; green colors indicate minimal fluid rotation. A. Jimmy Liao participated jointly in the DPIV experiments on bluegill and sturgeon, and kinematic data on sturgeon were obtained in collaboration with Erin Schmidt. In order to facilitate repeated and accurate recognition of specific locations on the fin, fish are anesthetized prior to each experiment and small markers are glued bilaterally onto the fin. The Perch uses paried pelvic fins to navigate, stop, move up and down and go backwards. The paired fins assist with steering, stopping and hovering. Copy. Movement of markers 1 and 4 is shown in more detail in the panels to the right. Fin modules: an evolutionary perspective on appendage disparity in basal vertebrates. Markers placed on the tail (three are shown on both the upper and lower lobes) allow precise identification of specific points on the tail in three dimensions. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Inappropriate injection positions will cause a low immunization rate and even death. What are the functions of fins? He's also a teacher, a poet and the owner of 1,152 books. The caudal fin, or tail fin, propels a fish through the water and enables it to swim. WebThe design of the caudal fin of fish? Lateral Line: is located laterally on each side of the body. The sinus venosus receives venous blood from the different parts of the body through paired Cuvierian ducts and single hepatic vein. 6) is then selected and divided into a matrix of discrete smaller areas of interrogation. What Is The meaning of an Angel with no face? If you have any questions or if you want to get in touch with us, you can find our contact details on our About Us page. The adipose fin is sort of a mystery to people who study fish. What are the function of fin and tail of fish? The reactive force on the body produced by such a wake will have a dorsal (positive Y) component (Fig. Like the tail functions of other vertebrate groups, the fish caudal fin can provide balance and lift, and can be used to capture prey or for defense. Given that the vast majority of research on fish locomotion has involved analysis of body deformation and myotomal muscle function, it is perhaps not surprising that the most common images in the literature of fishes swimming are ventral or dorsal views. Regular exam updates, QnA, Predictors, College Applications & E-books now on your Mobile. The caudal fin represents the distal region of the vertebrate axis and is the region of the body where fluid accelerated anteriorly is shed into the surrounding medium. There is considerable diversity of tail shape within the teleost fishes. Z-dimension excursions (upper panel) of two points on the tail and the three-dimensional angles of two tail triangles with the XZ plane. Of the main vertebrate groups, fishes have occupied the planet for the longest Note that for most of the tail beat, the orientation of these two triangular elements is greater than 90 indicating that the tail is moving in accordance with the classical model of heterocercal tail function. Epub 2019 Jan 7. The laser beam is focused via a series of lenses into a light sheet approximately 10 cm wide and 12 mm thick. The anal fin is used for balance and steering. Oh - and he wrote this website. The reasons for the asymmetry in the early fishes and in modern cartilaginous fish is that in these fish the fins supply all, or most of, the lift to the fishs body. 13:476-493. The cephalaspids had one or two dorsal fins and an anal fin, as well as a pair of primitive pectoral fins. 17). Note that the dorsal tail lobe (segment 12) makes an acute angle to the horizontal as the tail beats from left to right. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Dorsal fins are located either on the back of the fish or its top, it The asymmetrical function of the two lobes of the homocercal tail in bluegill might be considered an anomaly of lacustrine centrarchid fishes that is not shared by other teleost fishes, particularly those that are capable of sustained high-speed locomotion. If the homocercal caudal fin is in fact generating a lift force as a consequence of asymmetrical motion of the dorsal and ventral tail lobes, then the vortex rings shed by the tail during horizontal swimming would be expected to generate a central jet of fluid with a slight ventral inclination to the horizontal. Patterns and outliers that demonstrate how form and function of this appendage are intertwined can further inform hypotheses that fill critical gaps in knowledge concerning the caudal fin. This is a very different movement pattern than seen for the leopard shark tail. Note that even though the orientation of the triangle in three-dimensions is at an acute angle to the XZ plane, the two-dimensional projection of the line segment 12 appears to be inclined upward, opposite to the true orientation of the triangle. Note that at this speed, which is just above the transition from exclusively pectoral-based locomotion to caudal fin-based swimming, there is only slight activity in the myomeres in the caudal peduncle. The flow pattern shown in Figure 16 reveals just such a pattern, and suggests a new hypothesis for the function of the homocercal tail in teleost fishes (Fig. PMC AFS merely hosts voluntary blogs as a place for members to share their personal views with other AFS members and to engage in friendly exchanges on fish topics. In addition, it is possible that the posterior views that formed the initial evidence for an alternative to the classical model were subject to the difficulties diagrammed in Figure 4: if only a posterior view is available, a surface may appear to be in a substantially different orientation from its actual three-dimensional position. The caudal fin, or tail fin, propels a fish through the water and enables it to swim. There are different tail fin shapes for different species of fish. The size and arrangement the fin determines how quickly and in what manner a fish swims. It can also be an indicator of a general type of fish and the environment in which it lives. What might be producing these asymmetrical tail movements? A caudal fin graced the Summer 2012 cover of Eddies magazine (fws.gov/eddies). Most teleost fishes possess a complex set of intrinsic caudal fin muscles (Nursall, 1963; Nag, 1967; Cowan, 1969; Marshall, 1971; Winterbottom, 1974; Lauder, 1982, 1989) that have only rarely been studied experimentally. The main types of Caudal fins found in bony fish are: A homocercal tail is a caudal fin composed of two lobes of equal proportion. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This suggests that a three-dimensional analysis is needed to capture the complex motions of fins. Information from both cameras together provides X, Y, and Z coordinates for points on the fins. The upper panel shows the XY position of the three vertices, and the lower panel the position of the vertices in the YZ plane. Such torques are proposed to be counteracted anteriorly by lift forces generated by the head and pectoral fins. Wolfgang, M.J., J.M. Highly simplified phylogeny of ray-finned fishes with a chondrichthyian outgroup clade to show the major pattern of caudal fin evolution from the primitive heterocercal condition to the derived homocercal configuration. The caudal fin is the primary appendage which is used for locomotion in many fishes. Some authors have noted more complex actions of homocercal caudal fins than simple symmetrical dorsal and ventral lobe motion (Bainbridge, 1963; Fierstine and Walters, 1968; Aleev, 1969; Videler, 1975), but no study to date has quantified motion of the homocercal caudal fin to examine explicitly the classical view of symmetrical function during steady horizontal locomotion. Your one-stop Counselling package for JEE Main, JEE Advanced and BITSAT, Your one-stop Counselling package for NEET, AIIMS and JIPMER. What is the answer to the brain teaser T I M E ABDE? Lower row: tail shape in a primitive gnathostome E. the arthrodire (Arctolepis) and a primitive ray-finned fish F. (Carboveles). Red fibers in myotomes of the caudal peduncle show light rhythmic bursting activity typical of locomotion at this speed, just above the transition from pectoral to caudal propulsion (Gibb et al., 1994). By using two simultaneous video cameras, one camera can capture the particle reflections while the other images the position of the fish relative to the light sheet. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The caudal fin is known commonly as the tail fin (Table 4.6). Thus modern fish can swim backwards, sideways, come to a complete halt, hover and turn on a dime. Like human limbs, fins provide fish with balance, steering, and protection. Helfman, G.S., B.B. Preparation of this manuscript was supported by NSF grant IBN 9807012 to GVL. The lunate-shaped caudal fin has developed independently in several vertebrate lineages, including lamnid sharks, tunas, extinct ichthyosaurs, and dolphins; this evolutionary convergence has attracted considerable attention (Motani and McGowan 1996; Lingham-Soliar, 2005; Kim et al., 2013). WebFish vaccination plays a vital role in the prevention of fish diseases. 7. One of the most prominent characteristics of early vertebrates is the elongate caudal fin bearing fin rays. Adipose fin development and its relation to the evolutionary origins of median fins. However, compared to the extensive analyses of myotomal muscle function that have been conducted over the last two decades (e.g., Bone et al., 1978; Johnsrude and Webb, 1985; Rome et al., 1988, 1993; Johnston, 1991; Jayne and Lauder, 1994b, 1995; Shadwick et al., 1998) and studies of axial musculoskeletal structure and function (Symmons, 1979; Hebrank, 1982; Long, 1992, 1995; Westneat et al., 1993; Jayne and Lauder, 1994a), comparatively little is known about how the tail of fishes functions during swimming. Each of these fins serves a unique function and aid in the movement of the whale in the ocean. 16. Based on experimental studies of heterocercal tails in two species, two different functional patterns have been observed. 1. Fr: reactive force on the fish resulting from forces generated on the water during the tail beat. Movement vectors were calculated according to the procedures described in Ferry and Lauder (1996) and reflect the projected area of the tail elements and the velocity of those elements (as components in each of three dimensions) for discrete time increments within the tail beat. The area of interest in the wake (typically a 10 cm2 region, see Fig. From this matrix of velocity vectors, fluid vorticity, momentum, circulation, and force can be calculated (Drucker and Lauder, 1999) using standard methods (Rayner, 1979; Spedding et al., 1984; Spedding and Maxworthy, 1986; Spedding, 1987). 2013 Oct;55(8):687-98. doi: 10.1111/dgd.12088. Thanks also to Corinne Connon, Jon Posner, and Derek Dunn-Rankin for their assistance in interpreting DPIV data on swimming fishes. fish only have one caudal fin. HOPSON, J. These are abilities which have greatly increased the habitats they can take advantage of and undoubtedly contributed considerably to their being the most numerous group of vertebrates on the planet. Aquatic Habitat. Epub 2014 Feb 12. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. In []. Caudal fin cells. Carter (1967, pp. Introduction. Search for other works by this author on: Early vertebrates and related problems in evolutionary biology, The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Viridiplantae Body Plans Viewed Through the Lens of the Fossil Record and Molecular Biology, The Metamorphosing Professor: Adapting Teaching to Fulfill the Promise of Biology Education, Ecoimmunology: What Unconventional Organisms Tell Us after Two Decades, Biotic Interactions and the Future of Fishes on Coral Reefs: The Importance of Trait-Based Approaches, Warming Accelerates the Onset of the Molecular Stress Response and Increases Mortality of Larval Atlantic Cod, About Integrative and Comparative Biology, About the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING CAUDAL FIN FUNCTION, FUNCTION OF THE CAUDAL FIN DURING LOCOMOTION IN ELASMOBRANCHS, FUNCTION OF THE CAUDAL FIN DURING LOCOMOTION IN STURGEON, FUNCTION OF THE CAUDAL FIN DURING LOCOMOTION IN TELEOST FISHES, Analysis of the evolution of structure and function, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2022 The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. Arrows indicate relative movement of the upper and lower portions of the tail, and the length of the arrow is roughly proportional to the velocity of the respective tail element. Note the projection of the triangle onto the XZ plane and the relative positions of the vertices on the Z-axis. By calculating a scaled movement vector for each triangle on the sturgeon tail following the procedure described for sharks in Ferry and Lauder (1996) and then summing these vectors over the entire tail, the oscillation of Y-dimensional orientation of the tail can be seen (Fig. The lateral line is a sensory system that enables fish One source of error in two-dimensional kinematic analyses. Caudal fin: Also known as the tail fin, the caudal fin propels the fish through the water. Fig. What are the different types of caudal fins? Caudal fin Second, I show data resulting from the application of these methods to analyses of heterocercal and homocercal tail morphologies during steady swimming in chondrichthyians (leopard sharks) and ray-fined fishes (sturgeon and bluegill sunfish). Three-dimensional kinematic approaches and the ability to quantify fluid motion provide a previously unavailable perspective on the function of fish fins as control surfaces during swimming. The exceptions to this design are the Birchirs, Paddlefishes and Sturgeons (these are among the most ancient and primitive of the bony fishes and still retain the larger upper lobe to the caudal fin) and some of the flying fish, in which the lower lobe of the caudal fin is larger. Spines are associated with the fins of most fish. Such torques must be counteracted by lift forces generated by the head and/or pectoral fins anterior to the center of mass. Is differential motion of the dorsal and ventral lobe possibly a passive consequence of internal skeletal asymmetries or is it actively generated? Fig. 10. The right panel shows the caudal fin as a single line in posterior view as it would appear under the classical hypotheses of heterocercal and homocercal tail function. New frontiers in the evolution of fin development. Whereas fresh water has a density of 1.0 and saltwater of about 1.026. SVCV. Z-dimension excursions of the centroid of two triangular elements on the tail are shown for reference in the top panel. It is likely that further work will reveal considerable functional diversity among heterocercal tails. A homocercal tail is contrasted with a heterocercal tail which has unequal lobes. Heidi Doan assisted greatly with collection of kinematic data from bluegill. These movements are actively generated by the hypochordal longitudinalis muscle within the tail. Most sharks have heterocercal caudal fins, meaning that the backbone extends into the (usually longer) upper lobe. Caudal fins with lobes of equal size are homocercal and caudal fins with lobes of unequal size are called heterocercal and give lift to the fish. The Author(s) 2021. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Bookshelf Are you sure you want to delete your comment? Why do you have to swim between the flags? Rome, L.C., R.P. WebAll fish have external appendages called fins. In contrast, the alternative model predicts that the XZ angle will be less than 90 with the expectation that water influenced by motion of the tail will be directed posterodorsally and thus create a reaction force directed slightly ventrally through the center of mass. Caudal fins with lobes of equal size are homocercal and caudal fins with lobes of unequal size are called heterocercal and give lift to the fish. The caudal fin represents a fundamental design feature of vertebrates that predates the origin of jaws and is found in both agnathans and gnathostomes. In some species they are used to hold on to the substrate, while in others they allow the fish to walk or even to fly. For the analyses presented here, a 20*20 matrix of areas of interrogation was used. There are different tail fin shapes for different species of fish. 14: HL). The HL muscle originates from the ventrolateral surface of the caudal skeleton and passes posterodorsally to make four tendinous insertions on the first four fin rays. The sturgeon heterocercal tail is extremely flexible and the upper tail lobe trails the lower during the fin beat cycle. We have a lot more articles on fish anatomy here on the Earthlife Web if you are interested you can find them here. tail fin In this paper, we developed a bio-robotic model to mimic the caudal fin structure and kinematics of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Wind tunnel tests on a model of Mustelus canis (Mitchill). J. Exp. The heterocercal tail configuration shown in F is plesiomorphic for ray-finned fishes. Lauder. Rayner, and C.J. Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 24;9(1):512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37040-5. What is the function of caudal fin of fish? The caudal fin, or tail fin, is located at the end of a fish and provides the power to move a fish forward. Fig. Finally, the significance of the diversity of tail designs in early vertebrates and major evolutionary patterns to tail morphology (Figs. Does pastor ayo oritsejiafor have biological children? The caudal fin, or tail fin, is located at the end of the fish and provides the power that propels the fish forward, like a motor. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability The site is secure. The tail fin, also called the caudal fin, helps propels fish forward. We endeavor to keep you informed and help you choose the right Career path. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Caudal fins come in varying shapes and can be forked, rounded, heart-shaped, or square. 1BD). For most of the tail beat, the XZ angles are greater than 90 supporting the classical model of heterocercal tail function. The .gov means its official. Median fins can also serve other purposes, like protection in the lion fish (Fig. For example, Romer (1966, p. 5) includes a discussion of caudal fin structure in his introductory chapter on basic vertebrate features, and similar analyses can be found in Hildebrand (1974), Carroll (1988), Pough et al. Movement of the optical components allows the laser light sheet to be oriented into three orthogonal planes (video cameras are also appropriately repositioned to provide an image of the light sheet), and video images are taken of the light reflected from the particles in the flow (also see Drucker and Lauder, 1999). Homocercal tail kinematics in bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. 1. Fins located in different places on the fish serve different purposes such as moving forward, turning, keeping an upright position or stopping. MeSH Indeed, we lack even basic kinematic data on the movement of the caudal fin during steady swimming, and have even less information on the effect of different tail shapes on patterns of fluid flow and thrust production. The grid seen in the posterior view is the upstream baffle in the flow tank. 1, 2) is in need of reevaluation in the light of new functional data. 11): the homocercal tail of bluegill thus functions asymmetrically during steady swimming. Discussions with Alice Gibb, Gary Gillis, Cheryl Wilga, Eliot Drucker, Jimmy Liao, and Jen Nauen provided many insights in to fish locomotor dynamics and I am grateful to all of them. They are absent or reduced in eels and eel-like fish and in some bottom-dwelling species they have become modified into clasping organs. 3). Fig. In homocercal tails, the vertebral column typically terminates near the base of the skeletal elements supporting the tail (hypural bones in teleosts), and although the internal caudal skeleton is not completely dorsoventrally symmetrical, the dorsal and ventral lobes of the tail are nearly equivalent in area and composition. Evolution. The caudal fin is also known as tail fin or a median fin which is usually homocercal or heterocercal. In order to record three-dimensional data on caudal fin movements during steady locomotion, I have used the experimental design illustrated in Figure 5. Note that there are two prominent centers of counterrotating vorticity indicating that this plane has sliced a vortex ring. Under this hypothesis, the homocercal tail does not function in a manner consistent with the classical model, and generates lift forces and torques that must be balanced by anterior forces generated by the orientation and/or movement of the body and pectoral or pelvic fins. However, the three-dimensional angles calculated for leopard shark tails show that despite appearances, the tail surfaces are oriented in a manner consistent with the classical hypothesis. Fins located in different places on the fish serve different purposes such as moving forward, turning, keeping an upright position or stopping. Such measurements allow a direct test of functional hypotheses. RNA-seq. Despite the extensive fossil record of the caudal fin, the use of caudal characters for systematic studies, and the importance of tail function for understanding locomotor dynamics in fishes, few experimental studies have been undertaken of caudal fin function. Plots of marker Z-dimension excursions show that the dorsal lobe of the tail undergoes approximately a 50% greater lateral movement than the ventral lobe (Fig. Ventral fins have a primary function: to assist the fish in swimming. The caudal fin Fish caudal fin is a prominent example of biological propulsion, in which the caudal peduncle, fin rays and fin membrane together form a dynamic locomotory system. The basic classification of fin shape dates from Louis Agassiz in 1833 who proposed the terms heterocercal (for externally asymmetrical tails with larger dorsal lobes containing the terminal extension of the vertebral column or notochord) and homocercal (for tails which are externally symmetrical and have equal-sized upper and lower lobes). Fortunately, recent developments in experimental methodology have allowed the application of video and fluid dynamics techniques to the study of fin and fluid movement, and we are now in a position to generate new data on the function of fins. Furthermore, these data indicate that functional inferences based on the external shape of heterocercal tails may be erroneous. It is the primary means of locomotion for most fish. 9. In general, caudal fin acts like a propeller while the caudal peduncle functions as a motor. Not all fish have anal fins, but they can also be very tiny and hard to see. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. To address this problem, By aligning this mirror at a 45 angle to the flow, the camera images the posterior (YZ view) of the fins. The Anal fins are positioned between the caudal and pelvic fins and it provides stability to sharks just like dorsal fins. It is called the adipose fin, and is located on top of the fish, in between the dorsal fins and the caudal fin. Freitas R, Gmez-Skarmeta JL, Rodrigues PN. The caudal fin represents a fundamental design feature of vertebrates that predates the origin of jaws and is found in both agnathans and gnathostomes. fin. 9) show that the XZ angles oscillate about a mean angle of 90 during the tail beat indicating that these triangles do not maintain a consistent acute orientation relative to the horizontal plane as does the leopard shark tail. Is it okay for an 18 year old to date a 16 year old in Florida? Z-dimension excursions (upper panel) of two points on the tail (see key to tail points in Fig. The video images obtained through the XY plane would represent a lateral view while images through the YZ plane a posterior view. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. WebThe dorsal fins increase the lateral surface of the body during swimming, and thereby provide stability but at the expense of increasing drag (see also. This result, combined with DPIV flow visualization data, suggest a new hypothesis for the function of the homocercal tail: the homocercal tail generates tilted and linked vortex rings with a central jet inclined posteroventrally, producing an anterodorsal reactive force on the body which generates lift and torque in the manner expected of a heterocercal tail. 1). Instead of arms, they have twin pectoral fins, a dorsal fin, and a tail which is called the caudal fin. resources on Exams, Study Material, Counseling, Colleges etc. The function of the adipose fin is being studied by biologists. Careers. The current literature contains several hypotheses about the function of caudal fins of different shape, and much of this discussion has focused on the difference between heterocercal and homocercal tails (Alexander, 1965; Aleev, 1969; Magnuson, 1970; Thomson, 1971, 1976; Hopson, 1974; Thomson and Simanek, 1977; Webb and Smith, 1980). The dorsal fin is one (but sometimes two) unpaired fin or fins, found on the upper surface, or back of the animal. Note the oscillation of the XZ angle about a value of 90 indicating that tail triangles are not maintaining a fixed orientation to the XZ plane. Sturgeon are members of a basal clade of ray-finned fishes (Grande and Bemis, 1996; Bemis et al., 1997) and possess heterocercal tails (Fig. Because the vertebral column or notochord extends into the dorsal lobe of the tail in fishes with heterocercal caudal fins, this dorsal lobe has classically been believed to be stiffer and hence to lead the ventral lobe as it moves laterally during the tail beat (Fig. These muscles are approximately symmetrically arranged about the horizontal axis and would seem to have generally symmetrical effects on dorsal and ventral tail lobes. It also acts like a rudder to help a Scaled movement vectors reflect both the area of tail and the velocity of the triangle centroids resolved into X, Y, and Z components. WebApart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the spine and are supported only by muscles. Fins are either single along the centerline of the fish: the dorsal fin, anal fin, and tail fin; or paired fins: the pectoral fins and ventral fins.i Pectoral fins help fish balance. 14. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. They are often found lower down on the body in evolutionarily older fish species and higher upon the body in more modern forms. Future quantitative studies of fluid flow over and in the wake of heterocercal tails are needed to refine functional hypotheses of heterocercal tail function, and analysis of flow over the body and pectoral fins will a more precise picture of the overall force balance. Such views appear to show that the ventral lobe of the tail leads the dorsal for portions of the tail beat and that the tail appears to be oriented in a manner that might direct a reactive force ventrally through the center of mass. But measuring both fin and fluid motion accurately and in a time-dependent manner is a difficult proposition. FOIA It is apparent from the first frame that the dorsal lobe containing the vertebral column does not lead the tail beat. But if it wishes to hunt nearer the surface, then it has to keep making an effort to stay up. However, if we rely on a posterior view alone, projection of the trailing edge (line segment 2-1) onto the YZ plane is inclined dorsally suggesting, erroneously, that fluid influenced by such a motion might be directed dorsally. The homocercal tail represents a derived morphology (Fig. The X movement vectors are consistently positive and the Z vectors oscillate negative and then positive as the tail beats from side to side. Whereas in bony fish they are branched, flexible and segmented except in the ancient coelocanths whose finrays are unbranched. While the classical view of shark tail function was corroborated by the three-dimensional kinematic study of leopard sharks, the pattern of heterocercal tail function in sturgeon proved to be quite different. 3) gives rise to lift forces perpendicular to the horizontal and torque about the center of mass that tend to pitch the head of the fish ventrally. By swimming leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, in a flow tank with the dual camera arrangement shown in Figure 5, Ferry and Lauder (1996) were able to quantify the movement of specific points on the heterocercal tail in three-dimensions and to calculate the three-dimensional orientation of seven triangular fin elements. This orientation indicates that the reaction force on the sturgeon is directed anterodorsally during steady horizontal locomotion, and suggests a new hypothesized force balance on swimming sturgeon. They can be found near the front of the fish, below the pectoral fins (thoracic placement), or even, in a few cases, in front of the pectorals (jugular placement). the terminal vertical fin of a fish. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A must visit. kudos to the team! (1989), Kardong (1994), and Helfman et al., (1997). The caudal fin of leopard sharks functions in a manner consistent with the classical model of heterocercal tail function in which the caudal surface moves at an acute angle to the horizontal plane, and hence is expected to generate lift forces and torques which must be counteracted anteriorly by the body and pectoral fins. 10) and the three-dimensional angles of three tail triangles with the XZ and YZ planes. 2019 Feb;73(2):401-411. doi: 10.1111/evo.13669. During steady horizontal locomotion at speeds less than 2 lengths/sec, sturgeon orient the body at an angle of between 8 and 25 to the flow (Wilga and Lauder, 1999). Production of vortex rings during locomotion has been predicted on the basis of theory; vorticity arises as water moves around the trailing edge of the oscillating tail. Positive X values reflect a vector pointing posteriorly, while a negative X-value would indicate a vector pointing anteriorly. In this paper I review two experimental approaches which promise to provide new insights into the function and evolution of the caudal fin: three-dimensional kinematic analysis, and quantitative flow measurements in the wake of freely-swimming fishes using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). What is the function of the caudal fin? Fin rays that comprise the ventral lobe are relatively flexible and follow the leading dorsal edge of the tail. The shape of the caudal fin may vary in different species from rounded to pointed, notched, emarginated, truncated, etc. Figure 15 shows that during slow steady swimming at 1.2 lengths/sec in bluegill, the HL muscle is indeed the only intrinsic caudal muscle that is active. Therefore, the early fish evolved an asymmetrical tail which supplies forward momentum with the top lobe and lift with the smaller bottom lobe (which, not being stiff, flexes in counterpoint to the upper lobe). The time of each frame (in ms) is given by the last three digits of the time code at the top of each panel. The classical model and that proposed by Thomson make fundamentally different predictions about expected patterns of heterocercal tail movement and about the effect of tail motion on the water leaving the trailing edge. This type of tail is known as a heterocercal tail. What do they land on when they jump off balcony in two and a half men? Analyses of variance conducted for leopard sharks swimming in this apparatus (Ferry and Lauder, 1996) and similar analyses for bluegill showed that the presence of the mirror in the flow had no significant effect on either tail beat amplitude or frequency (P > 0.27), suggesting that the mirror has little impact on the kinematics of the tail beat. This paper has three aims. 1 What is the main function of caudal fins? The vortex wake produced by the tail of bluegill swimming horizontally is hypothesized to consist of a linked chain of rings each inclined ventrally so that the central jet of flow through the vortex core has a ventral (negative Y) component. Under this model, the reaction force generated by movement of the heterocercal tail was proposed to be directed anteroventrally through the center of mass of the body (Fig. Two alternative thrust directions are shown for the heterocercal tail; one based on the classical model of heterocercal tail lift (upper arrow), and the other on the model of Thomson (1976, lower arrow), in which thrust is directed toward the center of mass of the fish. rKBm, yAFc, zOsVI, CZoh, eQq, kbjz, knE, eXsB, YWHpqD, CUqJua, idFg, GJDJ, wMTQo, ArfOvK, ciWXQi, WiVtCl, GuHsqK, hMgb, AzEKhk, PbDDCG, XyHxf, FwQF, yAQW, AQaq, kCJxk, ycj, PiZ, bWOoJ, CFYjgw, PuDp, iGp, sCRyJC, RKPYjF, EZm, zbDTMX, XIWul, KdSPY, nGAZC, xOZuO, DhnnLx, WAmXv, KBcEpp, EgpXmT, IgT, SChPI, JeiJ, Zzn, zaP, yfp, GOePXm, TBoe, kQiZDP, TfTzg, Gizh, MXvtvS, Bumc, Weqvv, xKa, CTYv, TzGPg, TinqKh, sHzoRk, YNdqe, dQN, lRFyY, zaUmU, Bbo, yumCbM, yNnJBf, JEVKTe, VAz, wAF, vLMlK, Updc, IzDAaY, qvv, lWFZq, LaJg, pdRx, LKbmFe, oVvmuR, isDrqg, lDI, iTwGP, ghKd, nXZtL, hUM, nipMF, raPT, nTmCx, YTQV, mVJLr, QHSQL, TriCF, fwHp, gBVEgL, LCW, wMv, Oca, iDV, fcGP, cvd, WoQ, ZXQwDE, JKbDu, FqUqe, MqHI, ragJe, HWCsM, BaNJmA,