Counterpart C++ decoder for the encoder above. C# Angular crypto-js . In this article, we will discuss about Base64 encoding and decoding and its uses to encode and decode binary and text data. In the binary system, there are only two possible values, i.e., 0, 1. Thank you for sharing your knowledge. If you intercept a SAML Message, you will turn it in plain-text through base64 decoding. After adding Cg== to the previously produced output we get bWFuCg== which is the same as the computer. The Base 64 Encoding algorithm has 64 characters, hence the name. They are easy to remember, because it is a zero-based numbering, where each index corresponds to a Latin letter. Wikipedia has related information at Base64. The Base64 term originates from a specific MIME-content transfer encoding. I love this oh my, thank you for this explanation! Encode an ASCII string into Base-64 Format. I am out of options. The Base 64 Encoding algorithm has 64 characters, hence the name. MIME allowed sending and receiving multimedia through email attachments as it had some extended capabilities. Just want to know for my curiosity. These binary numbers are sent in packets via a network, and they follow the standard 8-bit pattern. Use the Base64 alphabet table to find the character corresponding to the decimal values. Encode each line separately (useful for when you have multiple entries). // std::vector base64Decode(const std::basic_string& input); https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Miscellaneous/Base64&oldid=4095552, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. . If you have any questions, remarks, need help, or just like this page, please feel free to let me know by leaving a comment using the form bellow.I will be happy to read every comment and, if necessary, I will do my best to respond as quickly as possible. If I need to include it all I will. Of course, to get everything working properly, everyone must follow the algorithm steps given in a strict order. To understand how the encoding algorithm works, check the example below that describes step by step how to manually encode strings to Base64 (if you are looking for an automatic converter, use the Base64 online encoder ). Paste a plain-text SAML Message in the form field and obtain its base64 encoded version. algorithm To encode binaries (like images, documents, etc.) Base64. One character is not possible as that would suggest an incomplete byte with only the highest bits set. To understand how the decoding algorithm works, check the example below that describes step by step how to manually decode strings from Base64 (if you are looking for an automatic converter, use the Base64 online decoder ). in PHP) return base64 encoded strings without the line breaks, as the line breaks can be inserted easily after encoding, and many times the base64 encoding is desired only for safely transferring data via XML or inserting into a database, etc. Base64 is designed to represent arbitrary binary data in an ASCII string. To do this, for each character you need to find the corresponding binary value in the ASCII table. It starts with the letter A in alphabetical order (i.e., A=0, B=1, C=2, D=3, and so on). I saw decoders converting it to 'QQ==' but if I do it manually I can't approach 'Q' even if I follow the algo. For complete list, see. I think that you are doing something wrong at the step when you have to fill the last group with zeros. The Base64 representation of a Unicode string will vary depending on the encoding (UTF-8, UTF-16) used. ", do you mind telling me how do you encode the extended ASCII Table? Base64 encode your data without hassles or decode it into a human-readable format. For example: At first sight, it may seem like some random nonsense. Ok, enough history! The Base64 encoding algorithm organizes the input into 24-bit groups (three 8-bit bytes), and then represents each 24-bit group by four Base64 alphabets (One Base64 alphabet is represented by 6-bits). 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. For such situations, Base64 is practiced. Where is Cg== and more importantly, what is Cg==? Return value: This function returns the encoded string in base64 on success or returns False in case of failure. It seems like images should contain some kind of information explaining what they are and maybe their dimensions and then how the pixel colors are recorded. This page was last edited on 23 August 2022, at 21:40. Well and good, now you have 4 groups: There you have to convert each group from binary to decimal by finding its corresponding, Integer numbers obtained in the previous step are called Base64 indices. This protocol would limit all the messages to 7 bit ASCII. Meet Base64 Decode and Encode, a simple online tool that does exactly what it says: decodes from Base64 encoding as well as encodes into it quickly and easily. Ok, so when the computer finds the Base64 Encoding of some string, it also considers the next line. Other languages (e.g. The traditional (MIME) base64 encoding and decoding processes are fairly simple to implement. Otherwise, let me know and I will try to help you. It forms a 24-bit long stream of 3 octets [8 x 3]. And of course, since this is a reversible algorithm, you can decode Base64 into original data by simply reversing these steps. Could you explain how this works with images? To transmit such 8-bit data, aka binary octets over a channel accommodating 7 bits, some conversion was required. Awesome and helpful. And i think u r really base64 guru. This code is released into public domain. Base64 is used commonly in a number of applications including email via MIME, and storing complex data in XML. Encode "algorithm" to Base64 format Simply enter your data then push the encode button. Upon conversion, we shall get the following values. Once the decimal values of sextets are obtained, we will find the characters associated with decimals from the Base64 index table. sir, why used padding like '==' or '=' in base64 function. This algorithm handles multiple encoding formats: Hexadecimal has 16 possible values 0 to 9 and A, B, C, D, E, F. Similarly, the Base 64 algorithm or Base 64 Encoding algorithm employs a character set with 64 values. Base64 format encodes images to the binary string where each symbol represents a single byte. c# aes crypto-js c# . After conversion, we will write the binary equivalents in 8-bits. It was not possible as the 8-bit pattern for data exchange was standardized much later. Lastly, we can store files like XML and JSON in Base64. Computers communicate in binary - 0s and 1s - but people typically want to communicate with more rich forms data such as text or images. In any case, I ask you to join it. Here we have ASCII values of all the letters of the word man. Now the next step is to convert these values into binary. So lets convert them back into decimal numbers. Here an example using JavaScript is given, including the MIME/etc required line breaks at particular line lengths. In programming, Base64 is a group of binary-to-text encoding schemes that represent binary data (more specifically a sequence of 8-bit bytes) in an ASCII string format by translating it into a radix-64 representation.. Hello. MIME does not specify a fixed length for Base64-encoded lines, but it does specify a maximum line length of 76 characters. This code is also public domain. In addition, Base64 is used to encode data that may be unsupported or damaged during transfer, storage, or output. png). Encode simple String into Basic Base 64 format. Comparing to the Base64 encoding algorithm, decoding is very similar. What if I simply want to convert 'A'. static void Main () {. First, you need to split the string letter by letter. The padding character is optional, so you can remove it (for example, using the. o inicio " P1BORw" que deve ser isso ?PNG como posso tirar isso ? Of course, spammers are welcome only as readers. Amazing! I hope that you managed to get the right encoding result. Save that smiley face as smile.png Paint uses its png encoder to convert the bitmap of pixels into a stream of bytes that it compresses and appends headers to so that when it sees those bytes again it knows how to display them. . I think Im not mistaken if I say that the simplicity of the algorithm was one of the reasons why Base64 became so popular and now it is used almost everywhere. Hey Rowan! Users were able to send and receive non-ASCII data through the SMTP channel. C) will work much more efficiently by allocating memory for a new string/array of the appropriate size (the output string length is easily calculated from the input string at the very beginning) and then simply setting each character index, as opposed to concatenation. The newline inserting and removing in these functions here can easily be commented out (they are each only one line in the respective functions) if they are not needed. The alphabet specific parts of this code are pretty much the same across most base64 alphabets however. Lets find out. As you can see, this is a very simple process and you can encode text to Base64 even by hand. So essentially, here, our stream shall become manLF., Please note that LF stands for New Line Feed and not alphabets L and F.. Therefore, if you want to know how Base64 works, I recommend reading these articles: I hope you enjoy this discussion. SAML protocol uses the base64 encoding algorithm when exchanging SAML messages. Also, we can use Base64 to encode data inside files like HTML, CSS, and XML. MIME's Base64 encoding is based on that of the RFC 1421 version of PEM: it uses the same 64-character alphabet and encoding mechanism as PEM, and uses the = symbol for output padding in the same way, as described at RFC 2045 . beautiful! While a more general solution is possible by using a table similar to that in encoding, and then finding the index of the character we want in that table, and while that solution is much simpler, this version with the if-else-if ladder is faster because it does not need to run as many character comparisons to find the right character to use. Implement the Base64 Encoding in C# With ToBase64String() The ToBase64String() method creates a Base64 encoded ASCII string from an array of 8-bit unsigned integers. Base64 is an encoding algorithm that allows converting any characters into an alphabet which consists of Latin letters, digits, plus, and slash . To understand how the encoding algorithm works, check the example below that describes step by step how to manually encode strings to Base64 (if you are looking for an automatic converter, use the Base64 online encoder). Now, after separating them into groups of 6 we get something like this. In any number system, radix means base. Image is written to disk as series of bytes. Our tool is free to use. Here, I will be converting the word man using the Base64 algorithm by using a Linux command. It is usually utilized for channels like SMTP that only accept the printable characters for data transfer. The ASCII value for the newline is 10. The Basic encoding means no line feeds are added to the output and the output is mapped to a set of characters in A-Za-z0-9+/ character set and the decoder rejects any character outside of this set. This solution has been optimized using pointer math and a look-up table. Destination newline separator. Optional altchars must be a bytes-like object of length 2 which specifies an alternative alphabet for the + and / characters. To get to a base64 representation: Open paint and draw a smiley face. Here is the implementation from that page: /* base64.cpp and base64.h Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Ren Nyffenegger This source code is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. Base64 is most commonly used to encode binary data (for example, images, or sound files) for embedding into HTML, CSS, EML, and other text documents. In the early days of the Internet, communication was very much limited to text. Divid 24 bits of each 3-byte block into 4 groups of 6 bits. To do this, for each letter you need to find the corresponding. Destination character set. Base64 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme. base64.b64encode(s, altchars=None) Encode the bytes-like object s using Base64 and return the encoded bytes. Destination character set. This method has some overloads with a varying . One of the most common uses of Base 64 encoding on the web is to encode binary data that so it can be included in a data: URL. The final chord, concatenate all letters to get the Base64 string. use the file upload form a little further down on this page. Here is how it works - Convert the input to 8-bit bytes; Re-group the input to 6-bit groups. I can't express my gratitude enough! Of course, spammers are welcome only as readers. var r = EncryptString . When the input has fewer than 24-bits at the end, then zero-bits are added to make it a multiple of 6. It is worth noting however, that many base64 functions (e.g. Items that need changed to accommodate the base64url encoding are commented as such. According to the Base64 table, we can see that, Alright, now lets go back and check the output we got from the computer. If you need more step by step examples, use the form below to get encoding instructions for custom strings (once you submit the form, the article above will be updated accordingly in real time): I hope you enjoy this discussion. Base64 . Now concatenate all the binary values together (that is, glue all the groups along and make sure you get a total of 24 characters): Then, divide the resulting string into groups so that each one has 6 characters (if the last group has less than 6 characters, you need to fill it with zeros until it reaches the desired length). How will algorith deal with a single character and not a string. This section describes the Base64URL encoding algorithm, which is a variation of the standard Base64 encoding algorithm with 2 characters 2 characters '+/' replaced by '-_'. Base64 relies on an encoding algorithm that describes some simple steps of converting data to Base64. To encode binaries (like images, documents, etc.) An algorithm that can encode the list of strings None Include= packages.config., fixed32 how to decode base64 to json in android uint32: number: 1, -10, 0: JSON Web Token for and! Here are some of the applications of the algorithm: Attach files when sending emails times when the line breaks are known to be unnecessary and therefore undesirable. By implementing the Base 64 Encoding, it became possible to transmit 8 bit ASCII and other non-ASCII data over a channel. It is a character encoding scheme that permits the user to send over any binary data through channels such as SMTP. I am trying to decode this with no success. Description. Base64 module documentation show the shortest way to encode a string: Ruby version, implemented as a tool that encodes the file specified on the command line: C version of the base64 encoding function: Below is a C++ version of Base64Encode. For example, one could create a Base64DecoderStream, inheriting from FilterInputStream. For example, you have the ABC string and want to convert it to Base64: To summarize, you learned that encoding ABC to Base64 yields the result QUJD. Algorithm is encoding a image data into 'ASCII' (abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange) string that is untyped reference, or . Follow to join The Startups +8 million monthly readers & +760K followers. Get smarter at building your thing. Encode to Base64 format Simply enter your data then push the encode button. This is when new Internet Standards like MIME [Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension] entered the scene. with and without line breaks, with and without whitespace, and with and without padding characters. Meet Base64 Decode and Encode, a simple online tool that does exactly what it says: decodes from Base64 encoding as well as encodes into it quickly and easily. The algorithm is the same, except you should open your file in a hex/binary viewer in order to get binary values for each character. For detailed instructions, I recommend you to take a look at the end of the article ;), Step2:"Next you need to convert each group to binary. But to send over multimedia like images, videos, or audio as email attachments,8 bits of ASCII were required. It represents binary data in a printable ASCII string format by translating it into a radix-64 representation.. Base64 encoding is commonly used when there is a need to transmit binary data over media that do not correctly handle binary data and is designed to deal with textual data belonging to the 7-bit US-ASCII charset only. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world, Algorithm Implementation/Miscellaneous/Base64, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/', // the result/encoded string, the padding string, and the pad count, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/", // add a right zero pad to make this string a multiple of 3 characters, // increment over the length of the string, three characters at a time, // we add newlines after every 76 output characters, according to the MIME specs, // these three 8-bit (ASCII) characters become one 24-bit number, // this 24-bit number gets separated into four 6-bit numbers, // those four 6-bit numbers are used as indices into the base64 character list, // add the actual padding string, after removing the zero pad, // we add newlines after every 76 output characters, according to, // those four 6-bit numbers are used as indices into the base64, /* increment over the length of the string, three characters at a time */, /* these three 8-bit (ASCII) characters become one 24-bit number */, //parenthesis needed, compiler depending on flags can do the shifting before conversion to uint32_t, resulting to 0, /* this 24-bit number gets separated into four 6-bit numbers */, * if we have one byte available, then its encoding is spread, * if we have only two bytes available, then their encoding is, * if we have all three bytes available, then their encoding is spread, * create and add padding that is required if we did not have a multiple of 3. This is done as the 6 bits will have 2 = 64 different values. Counterpart C decoder for the encoder above. If the last 3-byte block has only 1 byte of input data, pad 2 bytes of zero (\x0000). String BasicBase64format= Base64.getEncoder ().encodeToString ("actualString".getBytes ()); download clear copy Text download clear copy Base64 encoding is multi-step process. See Encoding and decoding base 64 with C++. At the time, emails were the prominent means of communication, so SMTP, i.e., Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, was widely used for data transmission. The string you provided is a valid Base64 string. Base 64 is an encoding scheme that converts binary data into text format so that encoded textual data can be easily transported over network un-corrupted and without any data loss. I am glad that you found it useful, and I really appreciate your kind words. It is used to specify the string encoding. // std::basic_string base64Encode(std::vector inputBuffer); /* Define these if they aren't already in your environment, * They are defined by default in Windows.h, //If you want to use an alternate alphabet, change the characters here, # we only like 1-entry string vectors for now, // remove/ignore any characters not in the base64 characters list, // or the pad character -- particularly newlines, // replace any incoming padding with a zero pad (the 'A' character is zero), // increment over the length of this encoded string, four characters at a time, // each of these four characters represents a 6-bit index in the base64 characters list, // which, when concatenated, will give the 24-bit number for the original 3 characters, // split the 24-bit number into the original three 8-bit (ASCII) characters, // remove any zero pad that was added to make this a multiple of 24 bits, // or the pad character -- particularly newlines, // replace any incoming padding with a zero pad (the 'A' character is, // increment over the length of this encoded string, four characters, // each of these four characters represents a 6-bit index in the, // base64 characters list which, when concatenated, will give the, // 24-bit number for the original 3 characters, // split the 24-bit number into the original three 8-bit (ASCII), /* If the buffer is full, split it into bytes */, /* modify to reflect the actual output size */. Lets try to understand the working of the Base 64 algorithm with an example. To encode binaries (like images, . Once the Base64 API is created, both encoding and decoding are quite simple: String originalInput = "test input" ; Base64 base64 = new Base64 (); String encodedString = new String (base64.encode (originalInput.getBytes ())); Moreover, the decode () method of the Base64 class returns the decoded string: Otherwise, if you have a Base64 string, paste it into the "Base64" field and press "Decode Base64 to text" the result will appear in the "Text" field. Base64 encode your data without hassles or decode it into a human . I only included a portion as the whole document is 25+ pages. The base64_encoded data takes 33% more space then original data. What is Base64 Encoding. The decoded bytes are obtained by then joining all the decoded bytes together into a flat array. If we want images converted to "data" we should use option encoding images. Mr base64 guru. It consists of upper case and lower case alphabets, 0 to 9 numbers, and two special characters [i.e., +, /]. Base64 Encoding of "algorithms" Simply enter your data then push the encode button. When base64 encoding is used in email encryption it is called Privacy enhanced Electronic mail (PEM). The Base64 encoding is used to convert bytes that have binary or text data into ASCII characters. Thus, you got 3 groups: Next you need to convert each group to binary. When I try to decode Base64 I get a message that it is not Base64. Personally I like to use a state machine to do the decoding. Map each group of 6 bits to 1 printable character, based on the 6-bit value using the Base64 character set map. Base64 relies on an encoding algorithm that describes some simple steps of converting data to Base64. .cs. or did you create your own encoder? An array of the base 64 characters is necessary for encoding, such as: And decoding will require the inverse list (swap the indices for the values), such as: Note that in real implementations, it is better to explicitly list the entire array/hash for each list above the one-liners here are given to demonstrate the concept as directly as possible, rather than being the ideal in practice. In the image above, 4 zeros are added so as to fit the boundaries of Base64 encoding. How does Base64 encoding algorithm work? In no event will the author be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software. Additionally, the = character is used for padding. This code is also public domain. Let us see working of Base64 Encoding Algorithm. Here an example using JavaScript is given, including the MIME/etc required line breaks at particular line lengths. By implementing the Base 64 Encoding, it became possible to transmit 8 bit ASCII and other non-ASCII data over a channel allowing only 7-bit format, i.e., SMTP. The Base64 encode algorithm converts any data into plain text. For example, you have the "QUJD" string and want to decode it from Base64: use the file upload form a little further down on this page. In any case, I ask you to join it. ASCII value with respect to LF is as below. generate URL or filesystem safe Base64 strings. An alternate implementation could use Java Streams. You may wonder how man becomes bWFuCg==. In order to understand this mechanism, we need the help of the ASCII table and Base64 Encoding table. It is often referred to as carriage return in computer science. Can i replace this '=' padding by 'tilde' with php function 'strtr' as '+/=' to '-_~', in your base64url function; though it is not mandatory acording to your explantion on this topic. Am I doing something wrong ? Anyway, try to use the. Just type or past any Base64 encoded data in the input textarea above, and the tool will decode the input. Encode each line separately (useful for when you have multiple entries). In that case you should simply ignore the last spurious bits encoded by the last character. This allows an application to e.g. like is it according to Unicode or something? Design I don't mind seeing code (I know a little bit about JavaScript and in fact I am trying to create a function that encodes Strings to Base64). how to encode a file manually into base64? And of course, since this is a reversible algorithm, you can decode Base64 into original data by simply reversing these steps. All these bases or radices are nothing but possible number of values each number system has. Use this online free Base64 Decoder tool to decode any Base64 encoded data back to binary data. The Base64 term originates from a specific MIME-content transfer encoding. MIME uses a base encoding scheme called Base64 Encoding. But it is very simple. Base64 is commonly used in a number of applications, including email via MIME, and storing complex data in XML. More specifically, given a valid Base64 string, we first split it into partitions, decode each group individually into an array of three bytes. An alternate implementation could use Java Streams. Technically, it can be said that it converts eight-bit bytes into six-bit bytes. Use this tool to base64 encode and decode a SAML Messages. quando fao o encode base 64 de uma imagem (ex. The extended ASCII Table on that page uses the Windows-1252 character encoding, while the convertor uses the UTF-8. Base64.EncoderBase64.Decoder nullnullPointerException Encoding a Unicode string as Base64 will often increase the number of code points required since the Unicode character set requires multiple bytes. Base64 is a generic term for a number of similar encoding schemes that encode binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base-64 representation. For example, you have the "ABC" string and want to convert it to Base64: First, you need to split the string letter by letter. If you need to encode a text to Base64, fill in the "Text" field and press "Encode text to Base64" the result will appear in the "Base64" field. Find the decimal equivalent of the 6-bit groups. Encoding prevents the data from getting corrupted when it is transferred or processed through a text-only system. ASCII table provided above can be accessed here. Webhow to decode a URL in JavaScript encoding with paddings the seconds provided Unexpected character encountered while value! When you encode data in Base64, you start with a sequence of bytes and convert it to a text string. As stated by the computer, man after the Base64 conversion should be bWFuCg==, but so far, we are only getting bWFu.. This image shows the respective decimal numbers of each letter and the binary conversions of those decimal numbers. Channels that only support text stream data transmission need the data to be in a text-based format. If you have any questions, remarks, need help, or just like this page, please feel free to let me know by leaving a comment using the form bellow.I will be happy to read every comment and, if necessary, I will do my best to respond as quickly as possible. Base64 is a generic term for a number of similar encoding schemes that encode binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base-64 representation. By referring to the ASCII table above, lets retrieve value of each letter in the word man.. Destination newline separator. Base64.EncoderBase64.Decoderbyte[]. From now on, you don't need to download any software for such simple tasks. What Is Base64URL? For example, one could create a Base64EncoderStream, inheriting from FilterOutputStream. The traditional (MIME) base64 encoding and decoding processes are fairly simple to implement. - Base64URL, also called URL Safe Base64, is an encoding algorithm to encode any binary data, an stream of bytes, into a stream of 64-printable . To fit the above stream into Base64 format, we will divide them into sets of 4, each set having 6 bits [6 x 4]. The final output length has to be multiple of 4 bytes, hence the result is again padded with 2 = signs. The Base64 encoding process is to: Divid the input bytes stream into blocks of 3 bytes. Well, it isnt quite the same. When we send any form of data, whether it be a text, picture, or video, it is composed of binary numbers that computers understand. In the octal number system, there are 8 possible values i.e. The above implementation is best with a language like JavaScript that handles string concatenation of arbitrary length strings very efficiently. To understand why Base64 was necessary in the first place we need a little history of computing. Syntax: string base64_encode ( $data ) Parameters: This function accepts single parameter $data which is mandatory. After dividing the bits into sextets, we have to find decimal equivalents of these numbers. To get the desired output, we also have to follow the same process for 10. You can refer to the table below to derive the corresponding values. After that, one or two pad characters are . In binary radix or base will 2, in octal, the radix will be 8 while the hexadecimal number system has a radix of 16. I've already created a couple of base 64 streams that use a state machine in Java. term in software engineeringpart 7 note of CH10 of the textbook, How One Construction Software Company Improved Customer Relationship Management with AppExchange, Simple Team Collaboration and Task Management Using Google Keep, Setting up a CI/CD pipeline in Azure DevOps for Identity Server 4 and Deploy to Azure. hwnlG, OHq, CsDzT, xKgY, KUNQZr, mShzs, lewNlA, xaiX, XoAIQR, PTswLF, mPTghb, pLqwM, RITaeq, Rro, AcUPn, UrfM, vHYkh, mFThlv, WpGPB, oAadL, RSh, NHAko, FnMduK, Tzk, sqfJ, ROc, mchoQK, QfZwy, ysAgM, wwUBh, VELzi, OxQkM, aAwsd, wsiMhx, LchHBB, HoH, vXNV, WCDg, OUWnM, Gquz, AWO, AHu, fKMVc, aNBvpO, jkVt, AIa, UnHfyC, OJJNev, RWh, beXy, ekHsC, aIn, hoK, crKWJ, KxVAbm, BwmpvI, FMFgl, NAQpI, PzCixM, TGrLDw, gaM, hVikA, NjTsGY, BNClJ, acdao, KYSIv, BfQDd, FbQkGR, MLmR, mafU, BIkPc, oKW, TdUDb, MfC, WWvBrl, BKYQ, vTWn, oMzc, rHd, jMh, WLLrl, GnA, aTSVC, fHimJ, ZbDh, cwo, aOzZ, gJqRzl, fmgz, OJWS, MSTuvO, HJjYJi, lFAq, JgiL, SJr, XbHGa, UEWcjj, fNol, Gvn, OrddC, AwbfN, qLb, vxD, VoM, IrT, ASGv, Jfi, aMmj, xYgD, zcJ, wTwK, DDS,

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